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At the initial stage of learning English, you inevitably have to deal with differences between your native language and a foreign one. Reading in English for beginners, children and adults, is usually one of the first steps in learning. And the first such differences between Russian and English are revealed as soon as you start learning to read in English. You are faced with transcription and rules for reading English. These two concepts are interconnected, since with the help of transcription we can write down and read the sounds that convey vowels and consonants in various combinations. But the rules of reading just explain how letters are pronounced in different environments.

There are a lot of reading rules in English, and they concern both vowels and consonants. In addition, a huge number of words are not read according to the rules, that is, they are exceptions. Therefore, it begins to seem that it is extremely difficult to learn all this. In fact, the rules of reading need to be learned, but there is no need to memorize them. After doing a few exercises on the rules of reading, you will already know how exactly the same type of words are read. In the learning process, when you read and listen to a variety of educational materials, the spelling, pronunciation and meaning of new words will be remembered as a whole.

Features of English pronunciation

Reading in English for beginners at first presents some difficulties due to the peculiarities of pronunciation - words are very often pronounced differently than they are written. Linguists even have such a saying - "We write - Manchester, we pronounce - Liverpool." This situation is due to the fact that historically in the English language there were, and still are, many dialects in which the same letters and combinations of letters were read differently, which eventually became fixed in official English. An example is the letter combination ough. The words though , through , thought differ in only one letter, and the letter combination ough is read differently in all words.

The role of transcription in teaching English to read

So, as we have already said, in addition to the numerous rules for reading in English, difficulties arise in mastering the transcription of the English language. Transcription is the recording of speech sounds using special characters. You should not avoid it, as it is the best assistant in learning a language, which, firstly, will save you time when learning new words, and secondly, it will help you avoid pronunciation mistakes. After all, when you write out or memorize new words, you definitely need to know how they are read correctly. There are two options for how to do this. The first is to listen to it in some online resource, and the second is to look at the transcription.

Now in some tutorials, as well as on training sites, you can find "English transcription in Russian." It is believed that writing an English word in Russian letters is much easier than learning some strange phonetic signs. Actually, this is a delusion. English phonetics differs from Russian so much that Russian letters can only approximately convey the pronunciation of English words, and mostly the simplest ones, the reading of which is not difficult even without this kind of “transcription”. Some English sounds simply do not exist in Russian, and the correct pronunciation of seemingly similar English and Russian sounds may have certain differences.

Thus, we recommend that you take the time to learn the transcription icons and read the sounds. This is one of the basic knowledge when mastering the rules of reading English for beginners. Transcription knowledge will serve you faithfully at all stages of your learning.

We analyze the rules of reading English

There are different classifications of rules for reading consonants and vowels in English. For vowels, as a rule, 4 types of syllables are distinguished. These are the 4 types of environments that a vowel can be in and that affect its pronunciation. Some textbooks consider only the first two types of syllable - open and closed, but take into account whether the letter r is involved in these types of syllable - since it affects the reading of vowels. Consonants in different combinations can also be read differently. It must be said that the number of exceptions and reading options for the same letter combinations in different words give reason to consider the reading rules as rather generalized recommendations that should be studied before you start reading.

To familiarize yourself with the rules of reading in English, we suggest that you take as a basis the table with the options for reading letters, which are given in your textbook for children “English. Grades 1-4 in diagrams and tables” N. Vakulenko. These English reading rules for children cover almost all possible readings of vowels and consonants in English. But before we go directly to the tables, let's deal with two more concepts that you will definitely meet when you get acquainted with the rules of reading. This open And closed syllable.

The syllable is called open, When

• ends in a vowel and is the last word
• a vowel followed by a consonant and then a vowel again
• the vowel is followed by another vowel

Examples of words with an open type of syllable (you can listen with sound):

age, blue, bye, fly, go

The syllable is called closed, When

• ends in a consonant and is the last word
• several consonants follow a vowel

Examples of words with a closed syllable type:

bed, big, box, hungry, stand

So, let's formulate the rules for reading English for beginners: tables for reading vowels and consonants.

Vowel reading tables

Consonant Reading Tables

Intonation in English

Even if a student learns all the basic grammar rules and 10-12 thousand lexemes, this will not make him close to the native speaker, because. he needs to delve into the phonemic structure of the language, in particular, to learn in which cases to use which type of intonation.

There are two main types - ascending and descending.

The first is used in sentences-requests, when addressing a person, when announcing the list (in this case, the intonation goes up on each of the words except the last one), after adverbs and introductory words at the beginning of a phrase, at the beginning of an alternative question, in a dividing question.

The second type of intonation, lowering the tone, is relevant in statements, when giving orders. It can be found in exclamations, in special questions.

How to train this skill?

• Listen to how native speakers say, how a particular word, sound, phrase is read in audio books.
• Watch videos on this topic. Moreover, English should be the first and main language of the narrator.
• Use the learning materials and apply the acquired knowledge in practice. Read aloud in English, after listening to the recording, talk at least a few times a week.
• Record your speech and do a comparative analysis with the native language.

stress in english

With an incorrect accent in certain letter combinations, it will be difficult for a native English speaker to understand you. However, it is pointless to memorize stress for each word, since there is a certain systemic nature in this aspect.

Most words are stressed on the first syllable. But there are those who obey a different rule. For example, the suffix formations -tion, -cian and -cial require an accent in front of them (inform A option, opt i cian). The suffixes -(g)nomy and -logy (ge O logy, ec O nomy).

It's even easier with prefixes - they are skipped and remain unstressed. This works with prefixes in-, en-, con-, com-, re-, de-, ex-, etc.: exch A nge, enc O mpass.

Negative prefixes (non-, un-, in-, ir-, not-) also fall under this rule: un U irr E levant.

There are a number of words that change the stressed type of a syllable in English to unstressed depending on the meaning:

• to object - object; O object - object;
• to press E nt - give; pr E sent - a gift, a present.

Having learned the basic provisions that regulate stress, and with a little practice, you can easily reach a high language bar.

How to learn the rules of reading. Online exercises

As we have said before, there is no need to memorize the rules of reading by heart. You just need to use them. To begin with, go through several exercises on the rules of reading, reading aloud the same type of words in a row. This will help to consolidate the rules of reading and develop pronunciation skills. For additional control, you can take exercises with audio accompaniment. In fact, the reading rules are worked out automatically by themselves, since by regularly studying English, you listen, read, write - that is, practice to work out the reading rules is quite enough.

Choose words that have similar vowel sounds

Choose the words that have the same consonants

Make an English tongue twister from words

You can apply the rules of reading in practice on our website. By completing the unique Lim English exercises, you will be able to master not only reading, but also writing English words, as well as learn the basic grammar rules and continue learning further.

It is not easy to learn how to read English correctly, because the rules for reading each individual letter in this language directly depend on its position in the word. For example, the vowel letter “a”, depending on the “neighbors”, can convey two different sounds: a - date or a [ǽ] - bag. Letter combinations can also be pronounced differently. Today we will look at the basic living rules for reading English, including vowels and combinations. How to read English correctly There are a lot of words in English, the use of which you just need to remember, as they do not lend themselves to the rules. There are also many exceptions, including from the rules of pronunciation, How to pronounce English sounds correctly, which also need to be memorized. Plus, you also need to learn how to pronounce phonemes that have no analogues in the Russian language. However, for almost a billion inhabitants of the Earth, English is a foreign language that they have studied and learned.

This huge number of people have learned both to read correctly in a foreign language and to pronounce "foreign" sounds. With perseverance and diligence, it is not difficult to acquire any skill. Therefore, set yourself up for exciting video or text lessons and interesting exercises to learn not only the living rules of reading English, but also be able to acquire a good British or American pronunciation.

As I already said, vowels can convey several phonemes at once, depending on what type of syllable they are part of. It is very difficult to follow these patterns. And yet their reading can be roughly divided into two categories: stressed vowels and unstressed vowels. Drum pronunciation rules:

• In an open (go) or conditionally open (polea) syllable, vowels are read in the same way as they are called in the alphabet
• In a closed syllable, vowels convey short sounds
• When a vowel is followed by the letter "r" or "r" and a consonant, then a long sound is pronounced
• When a vowel is followed by "re" or "r" and a vowel, it is read as a triphthong or diphthong

This table will demonstrate these rules most clearly to you:

Letter	open syllable	closed sound	"r" or "r" + acc.	"re" or "r" + vowel
A	date	[æ] bag	car	[εə] care
O	[əu] nose	[ɔ] got	[ɔ:] north	[ɔ:] more
U	tube	[ʌ] stuff	[ɜ:] purlin ["p∂:®lin]	pure
E	she [∫i]	[e] shelf [∫elf]	[ɜ:] her	here
I	five	[i] big	[ɜ:] girl	fire
Y	bye	[i] myth	[ɜ:] myrtle ["m∂:®tl]	tire

Download this table and print. It will be a good help to you when doing practical exercises. Reading Rules Rules for pronunciation of unstressed:

• The letters "e", "y", "i" are pronounced like [i] unless they are followed by an "r": divide
• Vowels "a", "u", "o" without stress, as well as in prefixes and suffixes, are read as a sound [∂]: glorious
• The letter "i" before a vowel is pronounced [j]: union [`ju: nj∂n]
• Vowels before "r" convey the sound [∂]: player [`plei∂ ®]

Do not forget to consolidate all the knowledge gained with the help of practical exercises. Watch an instructional video demonstrating the position of the tongue and lips when pronouncing various phonemes.

Living Rules for Reading English

In fact, “Living Rules for Reading English” is one of the best book aids on foreign reading and pronunciation from Yu. A. Ivanova. This tutorial explains various English pronunciation and reading laws in an accessible and simple way. After each short lesson, exercises for practical work and self-examination with examples immediately follow.

In the text and exercises you will see tasks that you need to listen to or watch a video, and at the end of each page there is a link where these additional materials can be obtained. To make the exercises more interesting and exciting, the author diluted the rules with funny rhymes and funny tongue twisters to practice pronunciation, which will be possible not only for adults, but also for kids.

The book contains many practical, exciting and varied exercises designed to teach a beginner or child the basic laws of reading and to distinguish sounds that are not characteristic of the Russian language by ear. The self-instruction manual may well be used by students who have just begun to master the language and want to comprehend its basic postulates. The publication is recommended both for group lessons and for self-study.

For a comfortable further study of a foreign language, it is very important to gain reading skills, the basic laws of pronunciation, know the foreign alphabet and learn the basics of phonetics and grammar. Watch the educational video, as most information comes to us through the visual channels. Thus, up to 80% of new information is assimilated. Educational audio trains the perception of English speech and pronunciation.

Therefore, try to use all available means, show perseverance and diligence to replenish the number of those for whom English has become a second native.

Rules for reading vowels

It is believed that reading in English is a rather difficult skill for the simple reason that the English language does not have a rigid system of reading rules and letters, in particular vowels, can be read differently depending on their position in a word or in a syllable. In this publication, I will cover the rules for reading vowels in English with examples.

English vowels and reading features

There are 6 vowels in the English alphabet. But the sounds they transmit are many times larger - there are 20 of them in total (including long vowels).

Vowels:

• A - hey
• E - and
• I - ai
• O - oh
• U - yu
• Y - wye

The English language is characterized by the presence of diphthongs.

diphthongs- these are sounds, during the pronunciation of which one vowel sound passes into another, that is, in fact, they are pronounced as two sounds.

For example, word for word home vowel o reads like " OU", that is, essentially forms two sounds [əʊ]. The same with the word house, where the letter combination « ou" reads like "ay" and gives a double sound.

Do not confuse diphthongs with two letter combinations. For example, in the word head there are two vowels in a row, but the letter combination « ea" reads like "e" that is, we get a single sound [e].

Thus, vowels in English can be read as in the alphabet, and convey a number of other sounds.

Rules for reading English vowels and vowel combinations

For convenience, I will give tables for each letter with examples, descriptions and readings in Russian. In Russian, of course, it is impossible to convey the exact reading of this or that sound, but I will write approximately.

For a correct reading, it is important to know such concepts as closed and open syllables.

Closed syllable in English, this is the syllable that ends in a consonant letter. For example, ma p, pe n,ba g, bea d and so on.

open syllable- a syllable that ends in a vowel letter. For example, so e, pa y, bik e and so on.

Please note that the syllable must end with a vowel or consonant, not a sound. That is, if in English at the end of a word is e mute, then the syllable is considered open.

Letter A

Letter E

Sound in transcription and its reading in Russian	Examples
In a closed syllable - [ e] - e	Red, vet, set, tell
In an open syllable - - And long	Meter, complete
At the end of words e in English is not readable, but affects the reading of the word	Table, plate, take For example, the words cap and cape - in the first case we read “cap”, since the syllable is closed, in the second case “cape”, since the syllable is open
In short monosyllabic words, these are mainly service parts of speech, e at the end of a word is read if it is the only vowel in the word and gives that is And long	He, she, we, me, be
In an open syllable followed by r is a diphthong - ia	Here, sphere, sev er e

Letter I

Letter O

Letter U

Letter Y

These are the basic rules for reading vowels in English. But do not forget that there are a large number of exceptions to each of these rules.

In subsequent publications, I will cover the rules for reading consonants and combinations of vowels and consonants.

The Sound Word service makes it easy to find out transcription, pronunciation and translation of English words online.

To use it, you need to enter a word and click "Search". After a short pause, he gives out a transcription of the English word, pronunciation and translation. For convenience, two options are offered: British and American. You can also listen to pronunciation options online.

What is transcription?

Phonetic transcription is a graphic recording of the sound of a word; pursues the goal of accurate graphic recording of pronunciation. Each individual sound must be separately recorded in the recording. Phonetic transcription is written in square brackets; special phonetic symbols are used for recording.

Why do we need transcription of English words?

Knowing English transcription is useful. This makes it easy to read and correctly pronounce an unfamiliar English word on your own, without outside help. It is enough to look into the dictionary or use online services. Everyone knows that reading English words is a rather specific process, based not on the “folding” of words from letters, but rather on the transformation of letter combinations into combinations of sounds. Of course, there are certain reading rules that you need to know and apply. But there are many more words that do not obey these rules. This is where transcription comes to the rescue, allowing you to find out the correct pronunciation of the English word, and, accordingly, its reading.

Transcription is a recording of the sound of a letter or word as a sequence of special phonetic characters.

Transcription may not be interesting to everyone, but, no doubt, useful. Knowing the transcription, you will correctly read an unfamiliar word without outside help. In the classroom, you yourself can read the transcription of a word (for example, from the blackboard) without asking others around, thereby facilitating the process of mastering lexical material, etc.

At first there will be errors in the correct reading, tk. there are always some subtleties in pronunciation. But this is just a matter of practice. A little later, if necessary, you can transcribe the words yourself.

Transcription is directly related to reading rules. In English, not everything that is seen (letter combinations) is read (as in Russian and Spanish, for example).

When textbooks (mostly domestic) talk about reading rules, much attention is paid to the type of syllable. About five such types are usually described. But such a detailed theoretical presentation of the rules of reading does not make the lot of a beginner much easier, and can even mislead him. It must be remembered that a good knowledge of the rules of reading is a great merit of practice, not theory.

Your attention will be presented the basic rules for reading individual letters and letter combinations. "Behind the scenes" there will be some phonetic moments that are difficult to convey in writing.

A little patience! Both transcription and reading rules are easily acquired in a short time. Then you will be surprised: "How easy it became to read and write!"

However, do not forget that, despite its widest distribution, English does not cease to be a LANGUAGE full of exceptions, stylistic and other delights. And at any stage of language learning, and especially at the beginning, look into the dictionary more often.

Transcription icons and their pronunciation

Symbols. Consonants	Sound pronunciation (similar Russian)	Symbols. Vowel sounds	Sound pronunciation (similar Russian)
[b]	[b]	single sounds
[d]	[d]	[ Λ ]	[ a ] ​​- short
[f]	[f]	[a:]	[ a ] ​​- deep
[ 3 ]	[ and ]	[i]	[ and ] - short
[d3]	[j]	[i:]	[ and ] - long
[g]	[ G ]	[o]	[o] - short
[h]	[ X ]	[o:]	[o] - deep
[k]	[ To ]	[u]	[y] - short
[l]	[l]	[u:]	[y] - long
[m]	[m]	[e]	as in the word "plaid"
[n]	[n]	[ ε: ]	as in "honey"
[p]	[ P ]	diphthongs
[s]	[ With ]	[əu]	[ OU ]
[t]	[ T ]	[au]	[ay]
[v]	[ V ]	[ei]	[ Hey ]
[z]	[h]	[oi]	[ Ouch ]
[t∫]	[h]	[ai]	[ai]
[∫]	[w]
[r]	Soft [r] as in the word Russian
[ O	The sign of softness as in the Russian letter Ё (Christmas tree)
Sounds without analogies in Russian
[ θ ]		[ æ ]
[ ð ]
[ ŋ ]	Nasal, in the French manner, sound [ n ]	[ ə ]	[neutral sound]
[w]

Notes:

In many school textbooks and in some domestic dictionaries, this sound is designated as [o]. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

Diphthong is a complex sound, which consists of two sounds. In most cases, the diphthong can be "broken" into two sounds, but not in writing. Since in many cases one of the constituent sounds of a diphthong, if used separately, will have a different designation. For example, the diphthong [ au ]: separately such a transcription icon as [ a ] ​​- does NOT exist. Therefore, most diphthongs are indicated not by a combination of different transcription signs, but by their own sign.

In many school textbooks and in some domestic dictionaries, this sound is designated as [ou], which is more descriptive. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

This sign often denotes unstressed vowel sounds in transcription, regardless of the letters (combinations) that give this sound.

Reading Rules

English words have several types of syllables. However, to understand the whole system, it is necessary to remember and distinguish between the following two types: open and closed.

open syllable ends in a vowel: game, like,stone- the vowel in the word is read in the same way as in the alphabet.

Closed syllable ends in a consonant: pen, cat, bus- a vowel in a syllable gives a different sound.

Stress in transcription and words is indicated by a vertical bar before stressed syllable.

single vowel sounds

Sound	Rules
[e]	usually given by the letter e in a closed syllable: get [ get ], vet [ vet ] as well as the letter combination ea: dead [ded], pleasure [´ple3ə] Note: the same letter combination often gives the sound [ i: ] (see below)
[i]	usually given by the letter i in a closed syllable: hit [ hit ], kill [ kil ] as well as the letter y in a closed syllable: gym [d3im], cylinder [´silində] Note: the same letters in an open syllable give the sound [ ai ] (see below)
[i:]	occurs in the following letter combinations: e + e (always): meet [ mi:t ], deep ; letter e in open syllable: tree [ tri: ], Steve [ sti: v ]; in the letter combination e + a: meat [ mi: t ], beam [ bi: m ] Note: the same letter combination (ea) often gives the sound [ e ] (see above)
[o]	usually gives the letter o in a closed syllable: pot [pot], lottery [´lotəri], as well as the letter a in a closed syllable after w: wasp [wosp], swan [swan]
[o:]	o + r: corn [ko:n], fortress [´fo:trəs]; more [mo:] almost always in a + u: fauna [´fo:nə], taunt [to:nt]; the exception is only a few words, for example, aunt Consonant (except w) + a + w: dawn [ do:n ], hawk [ ho:k ]. always in combination a + ll: tall [ to:l ], small [ smo:l ] The letter combination a + ld (lk) also gives this sound: bald [ bo:ld ], talk [ to:k ] Infrequently, but you can find the letter combination ou + r, which gives this sound: pour [po:], mourn.
[ æ ]	usually given by the letter a in a closed syllable: flag [ flæg ], married [ ´mærid ]
[ Λ ]	usually given by the letter u in a closed syllable: dust [dΛst], Sunday [´sΛndei]. And: double: double [dΛbl], trouble [trΛbl] ove: glove [glΛv], dove [dΛv] Note: but there are also exceptions: move [ mu:v ] - (see below); flood [flΛd], blood [blΛd] - (see above)
[a:]	occurs in the following combinations: a + r: dark [ da:k ], farm [ fa:m ] (see note) regular letter a in a closed syllable: last [ la: st ], father [ fa: ðə ] - therefore, it is necessary to check with the dictionary, because a in a closed syllable traditionally gives the sound [æ] as in cat [kæt]; consonant + alm also produces this sound stably: palm [ pa:m ], calm [ ka:m ] + note Note: 1. very rarely a + r gives the sound [ o: ] warm [ wo: m ]; 3. Rare: salmon [sæmən]
[u] [u:]	the length of this sound in most cases varies for historical reasons, rather than orthographic ones. That is, for each word it is determined individually. This difference in longitude does not carry a huge semantic difference, as in other sounds. And in oral speech, it does not need to be specially emphasized. This sound occurs in the following cases: always o+o: foot [fut], boot [bu:t], took [tuk], moon [mu:n] after pu in a closed syllable sometimes gives a short version: put [ put ], push [ pu∫] (previous letter is always p) - (see note) ou + consonant: could [ ku:d ], wound [ wu:nd ] (but such cases are not frequent). r + u+ consonant + vowel: prune [ pru:n ], rumour [ ru:mə ] Note: 2. But in similar cases with other consonants, u almost always gives the sound [Λ]: cut [kΛt], plus [plΛs], punch [pΛnt∫]
[ ε: ]	occurs in closed syllables with the following letter combinations: always i /e /u + r (in a closed syllable): skirt [skε:t], person [pε:sən] turn [tε:n], burst [bε:st] - (see note) ea + r: pearl [ pε:l ], learn [ lε:n ] Note: in some cases, the combination o + r after w gives this sound: word [ wε:d ], work [ wε:k ]
[ ə ]	Most unstressed vowel combinations give a neutral sound: famous [ feiməs ], computer [ kəmpju: tə ]

Vowel diphthongs

Sound	Rules
[ei]	a in open syllable: game [geim], pale [peil] ai in a closed syllable: pain [ pein ], rail [ rail ] ay (usually at the end): pray [prei], hay [hei] ey (rarely, but aptly) usually at the end: gray [ grei ], survey [ ´sε:vei ] Note: 4. the same letter combination sometimes gives the sound [ i: ]: key [ ki: ]
[ai]	usually occurs in the following cases: letter i in open syllable: fine [fain], price [prais] ie at the end of a word: pie [pai], die [dai] letter y in an open syllable: rhyme [raim], syce [sais] and at the end of a word: my [mai], cry [krai] ye at the end of a word: dye [dai], rye [rai]
[oi]	usually occurs in the following cases: oi (usually in the middle of a word) - poison [´poizən], noise [noiz] oy (usually at the end) - boy [boi], alloy [´æloi]
[au]	occurs in the following combinations: o + w: how [hau], down [daun] - (see note) o + u: round [ round ], pout [ paut ] Note: 1. the same letter combination often gives the sound [əu] (see below)
[əu]	usually gives the letter o in an open syllable: stone [stəun], lonely [´l əunli] letter combinations o + w (usually at the end of a word): blow [bləu], crow [krəu] - (see note) ou before l: soul [səul], foul [fəul] oa+ vowel: coach [kəut∫], toad [təud] old (as in an open syllable): cold [kəuld], gold [gəuld]. Note: 1. exception word: both [bəuθ]; 2. the same letter combination often gives the sound [ au ] (see above)
[iə]	ea + r: hear [hiə], near [niə] - (see note) e + r + e: here [hiə], sere [siə] ee + r: deer [diə], peer [piə] Note: 1. if this letter combination is followed by a consonant, then the sound [ ε: ] - dearth [ dε: θ ] appears. Exception - beard [biəd]
[eə]	give the following spellings: a + r + e: dare [deə], flare [fleə] ai + r: hair [heə], fair [feə]
[aiə]	give the following spellings: i + r + e: fire [faiə], hire [haiə] y + r + e: tyre [taiə], pyre [paiə]

Consonants

Sound	Rules
[∫]	there are several letter combinations that always give this sound (among others): tion [∫ən ]: celebration [ ´seli´brei∫n ], ​​tuition [ tju:´i∫n ] cious [∫əs]: delicious [dil´∫əs], vicious [´vi∫əs] cian [∫ən]: musician [mju:´zi∫ən], politician [poli´ti∫ən] and, of course, the letter combination sh: sheep [ ∫i:p ], shoot [ ∫u:t ]
[t∫]	always occurs in: ch: chair [t∫eə], child [t∫aild] t + ure: creature [ ´kri:t∫ə], future [´fju:t∫ə]
[ ð ] [ θ ]	These two sounds are given by the same letter combination th. Usually, if this combination of letters is in the middle of a word (between two vowels), then the sound [ð] appears: without [wi´ðaut] And, if it is at the beginning or end of a word, then there is a sound [ θ ]: thanks [ θænks ], faith [ feiθ ]
[ ŋ ]	nasal sound occurs in the letter combination vowel + ng: sing [siŋ], hungry [´hΛŋgri], wrong [wroŋ], hang [hæŋ]
[j]	softness in sound may occur in some cases, and not manifest itself in any other similar cases, for example super [ ´s u: p ə] (see dictionary): u in open syllable: mute [ mju:t ], huge [ hju:d3 ] ew: few [ fju: ], lewd [ lju:d ] if the word starts with y + vowel: yard [ ja:d ], young [ jΛŋ ]